HYBIRD ELECTRICAL VEHICLE

Principle
 A hybird electrical vehicle has two types of energy namely
⦁ Electricity
⦁ Fuel
Electricity means battery is used to store the energy (with the help of motor) and that electro motor will be used as traction motors .Battery is used to produce electrical energy
Fuel means that a tank is required, and that an internal combustion engine(ICE)is used to generate mechanical energy.
Depending on the drive train structure (how motor and engine are connected),we can distinguish between parallel , series or combined hybird electric vehicle.Motors are the work horse of hybird electric vehicle.The electric traction motor drive the wheels of the vehicle.The motor also has low noise and high efficiency.Other characteristics includes excellent "off the line"acceleration, good drive control,good flexibility.
Depending on the share of the electro motor to the traction power, we can distinguish between mild or micro hybird(start-stop system).The battery pack in a hybird electric vehicle as a much higher voltage than the ordinary vehicle about 12volts battery,in order to reduce the current and the I2R losses.
Depending on the nature of the non electric energy source , we can distinguish between ic engine,fuel cell,pneumatic and fuel power,and human effort.In the ICE is a spark ignition engine or a compression igniton engine.
Accessories such as power steering and air conditioning are provided by electric motor instead of combustion engine.This allows efficiency gains the accessories to run the constant speed or switch off the fast moving combustion engine.
 Structure of Hybird electric vehicle:
⦁ Series HEV
⦁ Parallel HEV
⦁ Combined HEV
SERIES HEV:
In this series hybird electric vehicle ,the combustion engine drives and electric generator instead of directly driving the wheels.The generator both charges a battery and also powers and electric motor to moves the vehicle.When large amount of powers are required,the motor gains electricity from both the battery and generator
Example :Renault Kangoo
PARALLEL HEV:
Parallel hybird structure have both an internal combustion engine and electic motor in parallel connected to a mechanical transmission.When the vehicle is using electical traction power only,or during the break while regenerating enegy,the ICE is not running or can not produce power.
Example:Honda Civic,Influence of Scale,BMW 7Series ActiveHybird
COMBINED HEV:
This type of stucture is the combination of both the series and parallel hybird electic vehicle.It split the power path allows the inerconnecting mechanical and electrical energy.Power-split devices are incorporated in the powertrain..The power to the wheels can be either mechanical or electrical or both.This is also case in parallel hybirds.But the main principle behind the combined system is the decoupling of the power supplied by the engine from the demanded by the driver.At lower speed the system operates as a series HEV,while at high speed the system operates as a parallel hybird electric vehicle.This system is more expensive then other two systems
Example: Toyota Prius,Auris,Lexus CT200h,Lexus RX400h.


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Worlds Top 10 Most Expensive Luxury Cars

Worlds Top 10 Most Expensive Luxury Cars

10.   2015 Ferrari FF 

• $295,000.00 

The 2015 Ferrari FF is a 2-entryway, 4-seat Coupe, accessible in 1 , the Base. Upon presentation, the $295,000 Base is furnished with a standard 6.3L, 12-barrel, motor that accomplishes 11-mpg in the city and 16-mpg on the parkway. an Automatic transmission is standard. The $295,000 Base is outfitted with a standard 6.3L, 12-chamber, motor that accomplishes 11-mpg in the city and 16-mpg on the expressway. an Automatic transmission is standard.

9.  2015 Rolls-Royce Ghost  

• $319,400.00 

The 2015 Rolls-Royce Ghost is a 4-entryway, 5-seat Sedan, accessible in 2 trims, extending from the Sedan to the EWB Sedan. Upon presentation, the $286,750 Sedan is outfitted with a standard 6.6L, 12-barrel, motor that accomplishes 13-mpg in the city and 21-mpg on the roadway. an Automatic transmission is standard. The $319,400 EWB Sedan is furnished with a standard 6.6L, 12-barrel, motor that accomplishes 13-mpg in the city and 21-mpg on the parkway. an Automatic transmission is standard.

8  .2015 Ferrari F12berlinetta 

• $319,995.00 

The 2015 Ferrari F12berlinetta is a 2-entryway, 2-seat Coupe, accessible in 1 , the Base. Upon presentation, the $319,995 Base is furnished with a standard 6.3L, 12-chamber, motor that accomplishes 11-mpg in the city and 16-mpg on the expressway. an Automatic transmission is standard. The $319,995 Base is outfitted with a standard 6.3L, 12-barrel, motor that accomplishes 11-mpg in the city and 16-mpg on the parkway. an Automatic transmission is standard.

7. 2016 Bentley Mulsanne   

• $335,600.00

The 2016 Bentley Mulsanne is a 4-door, 5-seat Sedan, available in 2 trims, ranging from the Base to the Speed. Upon introduction, the $303,700 Base is equipped with a standard 6.8L, 8-cylinder, engine that achieves 11-mpg in the city and 18-mpg on the highway. an Automatic transmission is standard. The $335,600 Speed is equipped with a standard 6.8L, 8-cylinder, engine that achieves 11-mpg in the city and 18-mpg on the highway. an Automatic transmission is standard.

6. 2015 Rolls-Royce Phantom Coupe

•   $438,325.00

The 2015 Rolls-Royce Phantom Coupe is a 2-door, 4-seat Coupe, available in 1 , the Base. Upon introduction, the $438,325 Base is equipped with a standard 6.8L, 12-cylinder, engine that achieves 11-mpg in the city and 19-mpg on the highway. an Automatic transmission is standard. The $438,325 Base is equipped with a standard 6.8L, 12-cylinder, engine that achieves 11-mpg in the city and 19-mpg on the highway. an Automatic transmission is standard.

5. 2015 Rolls-Royce Phantom Drophead Coupe  

• $479,775.00

The 2015 Rolls-Royce Phantom Drophead Coupe is a 2-door, 4-seat Convertible, available in 1 , the Base. Upon introduction, the $479,775 Base is equipped with a standard 6.8L, 12-cylinder, engine that achieves 11-mpg in the city and 19-mpg on the highway. an Automatic transmission is standard. The $479,775 Base is equipped with a standard 6.8L, 12-cylinder, engine that achieves 11-mpg in the city and 19-mpg on the highway. an Automatic transmission is standard.

4. 2015 Rolls-Royce Phantom  

• $480,175.00

The 2015 Rolls-Royce Phantom is a 4-door, 5-seat Sedan, available in 2 trims, ranging from the Sedan to the EWB Sedan. Upon introduction, the $407,400 Sedan is equipped with a standard 6.8L, 12-cylinder, engine that achieves 11-mpg in the city and 19-mpg on the highway. an Automatic transmission is standard. The $480,175 EWB Sedan is equipped with a standard 6.8L, 12-cylinder, engine that achieves 11-mpg in the city and 19-mpg on the highway. an Automatic transmission is standard.

3. 2015 Lamborghini Aventador 

•  $548,800.00

The 2015 Lamborghini Aventador is a 2-door, 2-seat Coupe, available in 4 trims, ranging from the LP700-4 Coupe to the LP720-4 50th Anniversario Roadster. Upon introduction, the $397,500 LP700-4 Coupe is equipped with a standard 6.5L, 12-cylinder, engine that achieves 11-mpg in the city and 18-mpg on the highway. an Automatic transmission is standard. The $548,800 LP720-4 50th Anniversario Roadster is equipped with a standard 6.5L, 12-cylinder, engine that achieves 10-mpg in the city and 16-mpg on the highway. an Automatic transmission is standard.

2. 2015 Porsche 918 Spyder  

•  $929,000.00

The standard features of the Porsche 918 Spyder Base w/Weissach Package include 4.6L V-8 608hp engine, 7-speed auto-shift manual transmission with overdrive, 4-wheel anti-lock brakes (ABS), integrated navigation system, side seat mounted airbags, curtain 1st row overhead airbag, driver and passenger knee airbag, airbag occupancy sensor, 20" magnesium wheels, cruise control, ABS and driveline traction control, all-wheel drive.

1 .2015 Ferrari LaFerrari  

• $1,416,362.00

The standard features of the Ferrari LaFerrari Base include 6.3L V-12 788hp engine, 7-speed auto-shift manual transmission with overdrive, 4-wheel anti-lock brakes (ABS), airbag occupancy sensor, automatic air conditioning, 19" forged aluminum wheels, EF1-Trac ABS and driveline traction control, electronic stability, power mirrors, power windows, power locks.

two stroke petrol engine

SI ENGINE

In two stroke engine, one working cycle is completed in two strokes of the piston (i.e., one up and down movement) or one revolution of the crankshaft.  Hence, it is called as two stroke engine.

TWO STROKE DIESEL ENGINE

CI ENGINE

          The working of two stroke C.I engine slightly differ from the S.I engine. Instead of spark plug, the fuel injector is placed on the top of the cylinder.

First stroke:

          In the first stroke, the piston moves from BDC to TDC. When the piston is at BDC, partially compressed air from the crank enters into the cylinder through transfer port.

TYPES OF ENGINE

Types of ignition:

o   Spark ignition engine (S.I. engine)

o   Compression ignition engine (C.I. engine)

Cycle of operation (thermodynamics cycle):

o   Otto cycle engine  

o   Diesel cycle engine

o   Duel cycle engine